Crookes tubes
The second page, radiant matter tubes
The second page, radiant matter tubes
Goldstein Canal Ray Tube
The perforated sieve.
Canal Rays or positive
Protons (red glow)
Protons (red glow)
Eugen Goldstein
1850 - 1931
1850 - 1931
The Goldstein Canal Ray tube.
This tube demonstrates that besides the cathode rays there is another
stream that travels in the opposite direction as the electron flow.
Discovered in 1886 by Eugen Goldstein (1850- 1931) who named this
"canal rays". In fact these are positively charged protons, producing a
reddish light in the upper part of the tube while in the lower part the usual
green emission of electrons can be seen when they hit the glass wall.
The electrons in the lower part of the tube can be deflected by
a magnetic field but the canal rays almost not. Goldstein could not explain
this phenomenon, it took 12 years before Goldstein's paper was published.
This tube demonstrates that besides the cathode rays there is another
stream that travels in the opposite direction as the electron flow.
Discovered in 1886 by Eugen Goldstein (1850- 1931) who named this
"canal rays". In fact these are positively charged protons, producing a
reddish light in the upper part of the tube while in the lower part the usual
green emission of electrons can be seen when they hit the glass wall.
The electrons in the lower part of the tube can be deflected by
a magnetic field but the canal rays almost not. Goldstein could not explain
this phenomenon, it took 12 years before Goldstein's paper was published.
Activated 7a tube
The Crookes vacuum tube (Crookes nr 7a and 7b)
Demonstrates the behavior of the electron beam in different
pressures.
The 7a tube has a low vacuum about 10-30 Torr like in a
De la Rive tube, the beam in here exists between the cathode to
the anode via the shortest way, regardless which of the three is
used.
The 7b tube however has a high vacuum of 0,03 Torr, the difference
is clear to see. Radiant matter leaves the concave cathode in the
opposite way (as X-rays) unlike which of the three anodes is used.
See also the Cross vacuum scale.
Demonstrates the behavior of the electron beam in different
pressures.
The 7a tube has a low vacuum about 10-30 Torr like in a
De la Rive tube, the beam in here exists between the cathode to
the anode via the shortest way, regardless which of the three is
used.
The 7b tube however has a high vacuum of 0,03 Torr, the difference
is clear to see. Radiant matter leaves the concave cathode in the
opposite way (as X-rays) unlike which of the three anodes is used.
See also the Cross vacuum scale.
Wien Canal Ray tube length 42 cm.
This is a rare very early Leybold's Nachfolger model probably end of the 19th Century with platinum wire connections.
This is a rare very early Leybold's Nachfolger model probably end of the 19th Century with platinum wire connections.
Canal rays can be seen in the left of the picture.
The early platinum wire loop
Wien's Canal Ray tube is named after it's inventor
Wilhelm Wien. Wien did several experiments from
1897-1912, his experiments were similar to
JJ.Thomson almost the same time.
This tube has some extra electrodes compared to
the Goldstein Canal Ray tube. To connect the tube
in different way's to a galvanometer the positive or
negative charged particles can be measured by
experiment.
Wilhelm Wien. Wien did several experiments from
1897-1912, his experiments were similar to
JJ.Thomson almost the same time.
This tube has some extra electrodes compared to
the Goldstein Canal Ray tube. To connect the tube
in different way's to a galvanometer the positive or
negative charged particles can be measured by
experiment.
Wilhelm Wien
1864-1928
1864-1928
The sieve with tiny holes.
Early four electrode high vacuum tube no7b.
This is a model made before 1900 but still works fine.
The tube has the specific blue electrode glass seals.
This is a model made before 1900 but still works fine.
The tube has the specific blue electrode glass seals.
Original form of a Goldstein tube.
This model is a Leybold's Nachfolger product
Probably made second quarter of the 20th century
This model is a Leybold's Nachfolger product
Probably made second quarter of the 20th century
Rare early Crookes vacuum tube.
made end of 19th century
made end of 19th century
(Crookes nr 8) Crookes describes this tube
in his 1879 On Radiant Matter lecture.
"The rays of matter being driven from the
hemi -cylinder from a direction normal to
it's surface, come to a focus and then
diverge. Tracing their path in brilliant
green phosphoresce on the surface of the
glass."
in his 1879 On Radiant Matter lecture.
"The rays of matter being driven from the
hemi -cylinder from a direction normal to
it's surface, come to a focus and then
diverge. Tracing their path in brilliant
green phosphoresce on the surface of the
glass."
Electrons in the lower part
Early 1900 Crookes 7b tube
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Front of the tube
Where cathode rays come into open air a thin aluminum foil needs to be placed on the front to keep the vacuum sealed.
Where cathode rays come into open air a thin aluminum foil needs to be placed on the front to keep the vacuum sealed.
A rare Lenard tube ca 1930
Philipp Lenard (1862-1947) was a
German Physicist and the winner of the
Nobel Prize for Physics in 1905 for his
research on cathode rays and the
discovery of many of their properties.
He became an active proponent of Nazi
ideology. Lenard did extensive research on
Cathode rays and developed this Crookes
type tube in1905 which emit cathode rays a
few centimeters into open air trough a thin
aluminum foil. These rays are harmful to
organic materials just like X-rays.
These tubes can be only used on a
vacuum pump because the front foil will
never be a perfect vacuum seal.
German Physicist and the winner of the
Nobel Prize for Physics in 1905 for his
research on cathode rays and the
discovery of many of their properties.
He became an active proponent of Nazi
ideology. Lenard did extensive research on
Cathode rays and developed this Crookes
type tube in1905 which emit cathode rays a
few centimeters into open air trough a thin
aluminum foil. These rays are harmful to
organic materials just like X-rays.
These tubes can be only used on a
vacuum pump because the front foil will
never be a perfect vacuum seal.
A set of small 7a and 7b tubes ca1920 height 30cm
Crookes Maltese Cross tube
A small French Radiguet modell ca 1920 with the cross falling backwards.
A small French Radiguet modell ca 1920 with the cross falling backwards.
The Maltese Cross tube (Crookes nr 9)
This is one of the most famous Crookes tubes.
The tube demonstrates that electrons go in a straight line
and don't go through metal. The cross can actually lay
down and stand up (mechanically). When the cross lies
down, the glass face of the tube emits a green glow when
the electrons strike the glass wall, when it's right up you
will see the shadow of the cross.
After a while due to fatigue of the glass the glow is less
strong, when the cross is tipped over at that time, the
previous unexposed glass glows brighter than the
surrounding glass.
This is one of the most famous Crookes tubes.
The tube demonstrates that electrons go in a straight line
and don't go through metal. The cross can actually lay
down and stand up (mechanically). When the cross lies
down, the glass face of the tube emits a green glow when
the electrons strike the glass wall, when it's right up you
will see the shadow of the cross.
After a while due to fatigue of the glass the glow is less
strong, when the cross is tipped over at that time, the
previous unexposed glass glows brighter than the
surrounding glass.
Early maltese cross tube
This tube is made late 19th century with platinum wire connections and blue glass electrode sealings.
This tube is made late 19th century with platinum wire connections and blue glass electrode sealings.
Activated tube
Maltese Cross tube early 20th Century
Notice the difference of Anode connection placement compared to the other models.
Notice the difference of Anode connection placement compared to the other models.
Crookes deflection tube.
ca 1930
ca 1930
The Cathode ray deflection tube (Crookes nr 14)
demonstrates the influence of a magnetic field on the
electron beam. The visible beam appears on the
aluminum sheet covered with phosphor, will bend away
from the center when a magnet is held near the tube.
This phenomena was discovered by Julius Plücker and
Johann Wilhelm Hittorf. Plücker published it in the
Poggendorffs annalen der Physik und Chemie 1858.
demonstrates the influence of a magnetic field on the
electron beam. The visible beam appears on the
aluminum sheet covered with phosphor, will bend away
from the center when a magnet is held near the tube.
This phenomena was discovered by Julius Plücker and
Johann Wilhelm Hittorf. Plücker published it in the
Poggendorffs annalen der Physik und Chemie 1858.
Standing deflection tube.
ca 1900
ca 1900
The beam is deflected by use of a magnet
Crookes deflection tube with potash regulator (Crookes No:15) ca1880-1900
This tube has a vacuum regulator filled with some potash which could be heated. The vapor lowered the vacuum and showed the change in working.
The screen of this tube is made of mica and is still working.
This tube has a vacuum regulator filled with some potash which could be heated. The vapor lowered the vacuum and showed the change in working.
The screen of this tube is made of mica and is still working.
Maltese cross tube ca 1930.
This tube is made by Emil Gundelach and has blue glass connections not to be confused with the early blue glass seals.
This tube is made by Emil Gundelach and has blue glass connections not to be confused with the early blue glass seals.
A huge 1 meter discharge tube with Crookes vacuum.
Potash deflection tube Müller Uri or Gundelach first quarter 1900
The Cathode Ray Tube site
150 years of CRT evolution
The Dutch collection
150 years of CRT evolution
The Dutch collection
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